Attacks exploiting deviation of mean photon number in quantum key distribution and coin-tossing

Shihan Sajeed,1,2,* Igor Radchenko,3 Sarah Kaiser,1,4 Jean-Philippe Bourgoin,1,4 Anna Pappa,5 Laurent Monat,6 Matthieu Legré,6 and Vadim Makarov1,4,2 1Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1 Canada 2Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1 Canada 3General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991 Russia 4Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1 Canada 5Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom 6ID Quantique SA, Chemin de la Marbrerie 3, 1227 Carouge, Geneva, Switzerland (Received 30 December 2014; published 26 March 2015; corrected 1 April 2015)